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Iron Refining in Recycled Al-Si Alloys by Intermetallic Precipitation
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-9374-6036
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aluminium production is expected to increasingly depend on recycled aluminium, driven by lower energy costs and the need to reduce carbon footprints as environmental regulations and policies become stricter. One of the main limitations of recycling aluminium, mainly aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) alloys, is the high iron (Fe) concentration. Fe forms the β-Al5SiFe phase, which has a plate-like morphology with sharp edges that severely degrades both castability and the mechanical properties of the cast Al.

A promising approach for Fe refining is through the addition of Fe-bearing intermetallic particle formers, such as manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr) and strontium (Sr). The main aim of this research is to develop a quantitative understanding of Fe removal in low-Fe Al-Si alloys by investigating the formation and sedimentation behaviour of Fe-bearing intermetallic particles under different Mn, Cr, and Sr combinations. To do so, a series of small-scale experiments was conducted using 8 kg of molten Al-11Si-0.5Fe alloy.

The results demonstrated that, for a low-Fe Al-Si alloy, a relationship between Fe removal efficiency and the Fe-bearing intermetallic particles was established by calculating the Fe removal potential. When comparing the Fe removal potential with the clean aluminium yield, a clear trade-off was noticed. The higher Fe removal efficiency results in lower clean aluminium yield (Mn-Cr addition) and vice versa (Mn-Sr/Mn-only additions).

To further understand the effect of cooling rate on Fe-bearing intermetallic particles, a physics-based growth-sedimentation model was developed and calibrated using experimental results to quantitatively describe the coupled evolution of particle size and settling behaviour at different cooling rates. The model showed that the 1.5Mn0.6Cr addition results in a lower yield due to increased resistive forces arising from viscosity, tortuosity, particle-particle interactions, and drag. While in 1.5Mn and 1.2Mn0.3Sr, a higher yield was obtained due to their compact morphology and more effective sedimentation.

Abstract [sv]

Aluminiumproduktion förväntas i allt högre grad bestå av återvunnet aluminium, drivet av lägre energikostnader och behovet av att minska koldioxidavtrycket, i takt med att miljöregler och policyer blir allt mer krävande. En av de största begränsningarna med återvinning av aluminium, främst aluminium-kisel (Al-Si)-legeringar, är närvaron av järn (Fe) i återvunnet aluminium. Fe bildar β-Al5SiFe-fasen, som har en plattliknande morfologi med skarpa hörn och kanter som kraftigt försämrar både gjutbarheten och de mekaniska egenskaperna hos den aluminiumlegeringar.

En lovande metod för Fe-rening är genom tillsats av legeringselement som bildar intermetalliska partiklar som innehåller Fe, såsom mangan (Mn), krom (Cr) och strontium (Sr). Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att utveckla kvantitativ förståelse för Fe-rening i Al-Si-legeringar med låg Fe-halt genom att undersöka bildnings- och sedimentationsförloppet hos Fe-innehållande intermetalliska partiklar under olika Mn-, Cr- och Sr-kombinationer och halter. För att göra detta genomfördes en serie småskaliga experiment med 8 kg smält Al-11Si-0.5Fe-legering.

För en Al-Si-legering med låg Fe-halt fastställdes ett samband mellan Fe-reningseffektiviteten och de Fe-bärande intermetalliska partiklarna genom att beräkna Fe-reningspotentialen. Vid jämförelse av Fe-reningspotentialen med utbytet av renat aluminium identifierades ett vägval. Den högre Fe-reningseffektiviteten resulterar i lägre utbyte av rent aluminium (Mn-Cr-tillsats) och vice versa (Mn-Sr/endast Mn-tillsatser) kopplat till partiklarnas karaktär.

För att ytterligare förstå effekten av svalningshastigheten på de Fe-innehållande intermetalliska partiklarna utvecklades och kalibrerades en fysikaliskt baserad tillväxt-sedimentationsmodell med stöd av experimentella resultat för att kvantitativt beskriva den kopplade partikeltillväxten och sedimenteringsbeteendet vid olika kylningshastigheter. Modellen visade att tillsatsen av 1.5Mn0.6Cr resulterar i ett lägre utbyte kopplat till viskositet, flödesmotstånd beroende på partikelformen. Vidare påverkar partikel-partikel-interaktioner och packningsgraden i sedimentet. I kontrast till 1.5Mn0.6Cr så ger en 1.5Mn och 1.2Mn0.3Sr ett högre utbyte på grund av deras mer kompakta partikelmorfologi och därmed även mer effektiva sedimentering och packning i sedimentet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering , 2026. , p. 62
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 101
Keywords [en]
Al-Si alloy, Fe removal, Fe-bearing intermetallic particles, sedimentation, cleaning and refining
Keywords [sv]
Al-Si-legering, Fe-rening, Fe-innehållande intermetalliska partiklar, sedimentation, rening och avlägsnande
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-71037ISBN: 978-91-89785-35-9 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89785-36-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-71037DiVA, id: diva2:2049185
Presentation
2026-04-24, E1405 (Gjuterisalen), Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, Jönköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
VinnovaAvailable from: 2026-03-27 Created: 2026-03-27 Last updated: 2026-03-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Enhanced iron impurity removal in low iron Al-Si alloys by Mn addition
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhanced iron impurity removal in low iron Al-Si alloys by Mn addition
2025 (English)In: High Temperatures-High Pressures, ISSN 0018-1544, E-ISSN 1472-3441, Vol. 54, no 2, p. 187-201Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Over the past decades, demand for high-purity aluminium (Al) has increased in many sectors, like aerospace and automotive sectors, since it combines a high level of purity with the flexibility of controlled alloying, which allows for tailored enhancements of material properties. To accommodate the rising demand, primary Al production has significantly increased since the refining of secondary Al is constrained by high impurity levels, especially iron (Fe). A way to mitigate this problem is to add Fe-bearing intermetallic particle formers, like manganese (Mn). This paper investigates the influence of different Mn additions for low-Fe composition aluminium melts at a cooling rate of 3 °C/min, as the primary Fe-rich phases may differ and cannot be extrapolated. More specifically, the impact of filters, the Fe removal efficiency for different Mn additions, and the Fe-bearing intermetallic particles’ Fe removal potential. Fe removal potential was evaluated by combining intermetallic particle area fraction with their average Fe content. This was done by running Thermo-Calc equilibrium calculations to guide the planning of the experimental work. Then, running small-scale experiments with 8 kg of Al-11Si-0.5Fe alloy. The study concludes that the Fe-bearing intermetallic parties sedimented at the bottom of the furnace since the composition of the filtered and unfiltered samples from the top part of the melt was similar. Additionally, larger amounts of Mn are required to improve the Fe removal efficiency for low-Fe concentration Al-Si cast alloys since it improves the Fe removal potential and increases the amount of Fe-bearing intermetallic particles in the melt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Old City Publishing, 2025
Keywords
Al-Si alloy, Purification, Sludge, Fe-bearing intermetallic particles, Manganese, Scanning electron microscopy, Fe removal, Refining, Cleaning, Microstructure
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67862 (URN)10.32908/hthp.v54.1905 (DOI)001501672000007 ()2-s2.0-105006632549 (Scopus ID)HOA;;67862 (Local ID)HOA;;67862 (Archive number)HOA;;67862 (OAI)
Projects
Kliral – Climate-adapted purified aluminium
Funder
Vinnova, 2022-00819
Available from: 2025-05-27 Created: 2025-05-27 Last updated: 2026-03-27Bibliographically approved

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Harazeen, Abdullah

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6789101112 12 of 12
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