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Strategic Consumer Steering in Omni-Channel Last-Mile Distribution: Capability Configurations for Competitive Advantage
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Supply Chain and Operations Management.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9793-8027
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rapid expansion of e-commerce and the contraction of brick-and-mortar store networks have elevated last-mile distribution from an operational concern to a strategic priority in omni-channel retailing. Omni-channel retailers face a fundamental tension: consumers increasingly expect a wide range of delivery alternatives and free delivery options, while last-mile distribution costs constitute a substantial proportion of retail revenues. Retailers can create last-mile distribution competitive advantages by strategically influencing consumers’ delivery choices. This thesis seeks to advance understanding of strategic consumer steering in omni-channel last-mile distribution and its role in creating competitive advantage. The purpose was to develop an understanding of strategic consumer steering in omni-channel last-mile distribution and its role in creating competitive advantage.

The research presented in this thesis establishes consumer steering as a distinct research area within last-mile distribution in omni-channel retailing and demonstrates its strategic importance. The findings show that last mile is highly configurable, and a last-mile configuration framework was developed. Last-mile distribution cost minimisation and free last-mile distribution service performance are conceptualised as potential sources of last-mile distribution competitive advantage. Free last-mile distribution service performance may be achieved through either selective or widespread free last-mile delivery coverage. Last-mile consumer steering is conceptualised as comprising single, dual, and simultaneous consumer steering capabilities that orchestrate last-mile distribution resources and support last-mile distribution competitive advantages and superior financial performance. The findings further identify potential sources of last-mile distribution competitive advantage arising from consumer steering capability configurations associated with superior performance that orchestrate last-mile distribution resources across four distinct retailer groups. These findings are consistent with recent research suggesting that lower last-mile distribution costs can generate competitive advantages, for example by enabling the development of new and profitable consumer offerings. Furthermore, the findings suggest that simultaneous steering, conditionally free remote deliveries, and delivery partner steering formed part of configurations associated with superior financial performance across four distinct retailer groups characterised by different firm sizes and sales channel mixes.

The research contributes to the resource-based view by conceptualising last-mile consumer steering capabilities as capabilities that orchestrate last-mile distribution resources; by identifying last-mile distribution and consumer steering capabilities that may constitute sources of competitive advantage; by demonstrating that consumer steering is highly configurable; by identifying potential strategic fits between consumer steering capability configurations associated with superior financial performance and different retailer groups; and by showing which last-mile distribution capabilities these configurations may support. The research contributes to transaction cost economics in the last-mile context by providing insights into delivery partner governance and the minimisation of transaction costs associated with last-mile distribution. Finally, it contributes to configuration theory by demonstrating that last mile is highly configurable, by developing a last-mile configuration framework, and by identifying last-mile configurations associated with superior performance.

From a practical perspective, the research presented in this thesis offers actionable insights for managers responsible for last-mile decisions in increasingly competitive retail environments.

It should be acknowledged that the causal relationships between consumer steering capabilities, strategically aligned configurations, last-mile distribution competitive advantages, and superior financial performance have not been conclusively established. Nevertheless, the findings provide a valuable foundation for further research on strategic consumer steering and last-mile distribution in non-grocery omni-channel retailing.

Abstract [sv]

E-handelns snabba expansion och neddragningarna i de fysiska butiksnäten har gjort last mile-distribution till en strategisk prioritering inom omnikanalhandeln, snarare än enbart en operativ fråga. Detaljhandelsföretag som bedriver omnikanalhandel står inför en grundläggande målkonflikt: konsumenterna förväntar sig i allt större utsträckning ett brett utbud av leveransalternativ och möjligheter till avgiftsfri leverans, samtidigt som kostnaderna för last mile-distribution utgör en betydande andel av företagens intäkter. Genom att strategiskt påverka konsumenternas leveransval kan detaljhandelsföretag skapa konkurrensfördelar inom last mile-distribution. Syftet med denna avhandling är att fördjupa förståelsen för strategisk konsumentstyrning inom last mile-distribution i omnikanalhandeln och dess roll i skapandet av konkurrensfördelar.

Forskningen som presenteras i avhandlingen etablerar konsumentstyrning som ett särskilt forskningsområde inom last mile-distribution i omnikanalhandeln och visar dess strategiska betydelse. Resultaten visar att last mile kan konfigureras på många olika sätt, och ett konfigurationsramverk för last mile har utvecklats. Kostnadsminimering inom last mile-distribution och serviceprestation avseende avgiftsfri last mile-distribution konceptualiseras som potentiella källor till konkurrensfördelar inom last mile-distribution. Denna serviceprestation kan uppnås genom att avgiftsfria last mile-leveranser erbjuds selektivt eller med bred täckning.

Konsumentstyrning inom last mile konceptualiseras som bestående av förmågor till enkel, dubbel och simultan konsumentstyrning. Dessa förmågor orkestrerar resurser inom last mile-distribution och understödjer konkurrensfördelar inom denna distribution samt bättre finansiella resultat. Resultaten identifierar vidare potentiella källor till konkurrensfördelar inom last mile-distribution som härrör från konfigurationer av konsumentstyrningsförmågor förknippade med bättre resultat. Dessa konfigurationer orkestrerar resurser inom last mile-distribution i fyra distinkta grupper av detaljhandelsföretag.

Resultaten är förenliga med senare forskning som tyder på att lägre kostnader för last mile-distribution kan skapa konkurrensfördelar, exempelvis genom att möjliggöra utvecklingen av nya och lönsamma kunderbjudanden. Vidare tyder resultaten på att simultan konsumentstyrning, villkorat avgiftsfria leveranser till platser utanför det egna butiksnätet och styrning av konsumenternas val av leveranspartner ingick i konfigurationer förknippade med bättre finansiella resultat i fyra distinkta grupper av detaljhandelsföretag. Grupperna skiljer sig åt i fråga om företagsstorlek och försäljningens fördelning mellan olika kanaler.

Forskningen bidrar till det resursbaserade perspektivet (resource-based view, RBV) genom att konceptualisera konsumentstyrningsförmågor inom last mile som förmågor som orkestrerar resurser inom last mile-distribution. Den identifierar också förmågor inom last mile distribution och konsumentstyrning som kan utgöra källor till konkurrensfördelar samt visar att konsumentstyrning kan konfigureras på många olika sätt. Vidare identifieras möjliga strategiska överensstämmelser mellan konfigurationer av konsumentstyrningsförmågor som är förknippade med bättre finansiella resultat och olika grupper av detaljhandelsföretag. Forskningen visar även vilka förmågor inom last mile-distribution som dessa konfigurationer kan stödja.

Forskningen bidrar också till transaktionskostnadsteorin (transaction cost economics, TCE) i en last mile-kontext genom att ge insikter om styrningen av relationer med leveranspartner och om hur transaktionskostnader förknippade med last mile-distribution kan minimeras. Slutligen bidrar forskningen till konfigurationsteorin genom att visa att last mile kan konfigureras på många olika sätt, utveckla ett konfigurationsramverk för last mile och identifiera last mile-konfigurationer som är förknippade med bättre resultat.

Ur ett praktiskt perspektiv erbjuder avhandlingens forskning användbara insikter för chefer med ansvar för beslut om last mile i en alltmer konkurrensutsatt detaljhandel.

Det bör samtidigt framhållas att de kausala sambanden mellan konsumentstyrningsförmågor, strategiskt anpassade konfigurationer, konkurrensfördelar inom last mile-distribution och bättre finansiella resultat inte har fastställts entydigt. Trots detta utgör resultaten en värdefull grund för fortsatt forskning om strategisk konsumentstyrning och last mile-distribution inom omnikanalhandel utanför dagligvarusektorn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering , 2026. , p. 92
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 107
Keywords [en]
strategic last-mile consumer steering, competitive advantage, omni-channel, retailing, configuration theory, transaction cost economics, resource-based view, strategisk konsumentstyrning inom last mile, konkurrensfördelar, omnikanalhandel, detaljhandel, konfigurationsteori, transaktionskostnadsteori, resursbaserat perspektiv
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Business Administration
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-73798ISBN: 978-91-89785-47-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89785-48-9 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-73798DiVA, id: diva2:2102074
Public defence
2026-10-23, Gjuterisalen (E1405), Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, Jönköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-09-16 Created: 2026-09-16 Last updated: 2026-09-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A systematic literature review on e-commerce logistics: towards an e-commerce and omni-channel decision framework
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A systematic literature review on e-commerce logistics: towards an e-commerce and omni-channel decision framework
2023 (English)In: International Review of Retail Distribution & Consumer Research, ISSN 0959-3969, E-ISSN 1466-4402, Vol. 33, no 1, p. 67-91Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

e-Commerce is the fastest-growing sales channel, while omni-channel retailing is becoming the new retailing standard. Omni-channel logistics is an essential complex aspect of omni-channel retailing, especially considering the increased consumer demand for seamless shopping experiences. This systematic literature review aims to synthesize the contemporary e-commerce logistics literature and to develop a logistics decision framework. This review shows how the focus of e-commerce logistics literature has evolved to multi-channel logistics, and lately to omni-channel logistics. The recent boom in omni-channel logistics publications highlights the importance of logistics in omni-channel retailing with increased complexity and a myriad of logistics design options. An omni-channel logistics decision framework covering 43 decision elements within supply and internal distribution, last mile consumer steering, last mile back-end fulfilment, last mile delivery, and reverse logistics is created by synthesizing 373 articles. This review identifies research opportunities and encourages researchers to complement existing narrower studies with broader empirical studies focusing on the elements? interplay, and configuration studies associated with firm performance. The framework and future research avenues support retail executives in designing logistics, in decision-making and in developing strategies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2023
Keywords
Systematic literature review, e-commerce, omni-channel, logistics, last mile
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-57393 (URN)10.1080/09593969.2022.2089903 (DOI)000812097400001 ()2-s2.0-85132443477 (Scopus ID)HOA;;818850 (Local ID)HOA;;818850 (Archive number)HOA;;818850 (OAI)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 20201932
Note

Included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2022-06-20 Created: 2022-06-20 Last updated: 2026-09-16Bibliographically approved
2. Last mile practices in e-commerce: framework development and empirical analysis of Swedish firms
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Last mile practices in e-commerce: framework development and empirical analysis of Swedish firms
2022 (English)In: International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, ISSN 0959-0552, E-ISSN 1758-6690, Vol. 50, no 8/9, p. 942-961Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose

In light of the recent dynamics, this paper aims to explore the last mile (LM) of e-commerce retailers. Two research questions are developed (1) What firm characteristics are critical in LM practices? and (2) How do LM practices differ based on the identified critical firm characteristics?

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected via 10 interviews with e-commerce executives, as well as a survey on 200 e-commerce firms in different retail sectors in Sweden.

Findings

“Firm Size” and “Sales Channel-Mix” appear to be the top critical firm characteristics in LM practices. While last mile delivery (LMDe) was found to vary more based on sales channel mix than firm size, the opposite occurs for last mile back-end fulfilment (LMBF). Moreover, last mile consumer steering (LMCS) was found to vary only with sales channel-mix. Unexpectedly, primarily store-based retailers capitalize on their stores while offering competitive remote services; they hence compete indirectly with their existing store network.

Originality/value

While most prior work has focused on LMBF and LMDe for strategizing, the consumer-steering aspect seems to have been a missing link. This study develops an integrated framework for LM strategy planning, incorporating LMCS, LMBF and LMDe. New aspects such as the environment, specialization and inventory management are included. The findings provide insights for executives when strategizing, undertaking competition analysis and positioning the firm.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2022
Keywords
Omni-channel, e-commerce, Last mile, Strategy planning, Logistics
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-55952 (URN)10.1108/IJRDM-10-2021-0513 (DOI)000762615700001 ()2-s2.0-85125223509 (Scopus ID)HOA;;797752 (Local ID)HOA;;797752 (Archive number)HOA;;797752 (OAI)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Available from: 2022-02-28 Created: 2022-02-28 Last updated: 2026-09-16Bibliographically approved
3. A configurational approach to last mile logistics practices and omni-channel firm characteristics for competitive advantage: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A configurational approach to last mile logistics practices and omni-channel firm characteristics for competitive advantage: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, ISSN 0960-0035, E-ISSN 1758-664X, Vol. 53, no 11, p. 53-70Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose The purpose is to explore how the configurations resulting from the interplay of last mile logistics practices and firm characteristics are associated with firm performance in an omni-channel context. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on configuration theory (CT), the authors use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze data on 72 Swedish omni-channel retailers. Findings Four configurations are identified—store-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises (SME's), online-oriented SME's, large store-oriented retailers and large online-oriented retailers. The results show that while offering a wide range of delivery options is necessary to achieve high performance, it is not sufficient, and that returns and fulfilment should be simultaneously considered. For instance, large high-performers leverage their stores and warehouses for fulfilment and returns in an integrated way irrespective of sales channel-mix. However, SME's appear to focus on fulfilment simplicity with less-costly delivery alternatives, where store-oriented SME's leverage stores and the online-oriented counterparts leverage warehouses. Consequently, the authors develop a configurational taxonomy and discuss a set of recipes which provide insights for researchers and practitioners. Research limitations/implications The study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the pathways to success, and potential pitfalls, in the last mile logistics context. Originality/value This study applies a novel methodology in the field, namely fsQCA, to explore the paths to competitive advantage. It covers a wide range of stages in the LM including back-end fulfilment, delivery and returns. It also provides insight into the logistics practices of both SME's and large omni-channel retailers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2023
Keywords
Omni-channel, e-commerce, Last mile logistics, Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), Firm performance, SME
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60156 (URN)10.1108/IJPDLM-04-2022-0123 (DOI)000968511500001 ()2-s2.0-85152446035 (Scopus ID)HOA;;875740 (Local ID)HOA;;875740 (Archive number)HOA;;875740 (OAI)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 20201932
Note

Included in licentiate thesis in manuscript form with the title "Leveraging Last Mile Logistics Practices and Firm Characteristics for Competitive Advantage: A Fuzzy Qualitative Comparative Analysis".

Available from: 2023-04-17 Created: 2023-04-17 Last updated: 2026-09-16Bibliographically approved
4. Last mile consumer steering in omni-channel retailing: an integrated delivery channel, mode, and partner steering study in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Last mile consumer steering in omni-channel retailing: an integrated delivery channel, mode, and partner steering study in Sweden
2026 (English)In: International Review of Retail Distribution & Consumer Research, ISSN 0959-3969, E-ISSN 1466-4402Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Omni-channel retailing integrates physical and online shopping experiences, allowing retailers to overcome geographical limitations and serve consumers with varying preferences. The study examines and explains last mile consumer steering (LMCS) in omni-channel retailing from an omni-channel retailer perspective by identifying the most important retailer consumer steering objectives and logistics levers used to steer consumers, and LMCS influence on last mile distribution (LMDist). The sector-wide quantitative empirical study, combining Resource-Based View (RBV) and Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) lenses, covers 70 large and small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) retailers selling physical products in Sweden with various sales channel mixes. A uniqueness of this study is its integrated approach to delivery channel, mode, and partner steering. An extensive literature review identifies objectives, levers, and LMCS influences on LMDist resources. The study reveals that LMCS is widely adopted among omni-channel retailers aiming, overall, for financial performance with good logistics service. Retailers use various logistics levers to influence consumer choices, with delivery fees being the most significant factor across all types of steering. LMCS has the biggest influence on the logistics role of the store and the warehouse size. The study offers unique SME insights, a retailer group largely overlooked in existing omni-channel retail literature. Non-grocery omni-channel retailers are more advanced in LMCS practice and have more mature LMDist resources in Sweden, especially non-store dominant retailers. A novelty is that the empirical study shows that retailers who steer consumers with financial performance objectives attain significantly higher profitability in a competitive market context. Retailers should, hence, develop an integrated marketing and logistics strategy to steer consumers in the desired way, and secure appropriate LMDist resources. The study reveals the importance of delivery partner steering, a neglected research area.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2026
Keywords
Omni-channel, consumer steering, logistics, last mile, SME
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-70467 (URN)10.1080/09593969.2025.2606166 (DOI)001654224000001 ()2-s2.0-105026685210 (Scopus ID)HOA;;70467 (Local ID)HOA;;70467 (Archive number)HOA;;70467 (OAI)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 20201932
Available from: 2026-01-07 Created: 2026-01-07 Last updated: 2026-09-16

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