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Supporting the Development of Staff Working Methods in Residential Services for Children with Intellectual Disabilities. A Programme Theory Exploration
Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, The Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3716-0350
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
00. Sustainable Development, 03. Good health and well-being
Abstract [en]

Children with intellectual disabilities living in residential services are a vulnerable group. They have significant needs for individually tailored support to function in daily life. At the same time, cognitive and communicative limitations pose challenges to their involvement in decisions about how they want to receive support and assistance. There is limited research, but the findings show that residential services consistently struggle to meet the support needs of children and young people with disabilities. It is unclear how staff support children's participation. Building staff capacity to meet the requirements for supporting children with intellectual disabilities requires organisational changes through person-centred approaches, implementing measures to assess human functioning, and ongoing quality improvement (QI) focused on personal outcomes. Process evaluations that emphasise inputs, activities, and outcomes, along with their interrelations, can enhance the understanding of how and why a programme or support initiative succeeds or fails in implementation.

The overall aim of this thesis is to explore and develop programme theory to support the development of staff working methods in residential services for children with intellectual disabilities. The empirical material was primarily collected during the implementation of a support development programme, in which residential staff tested new working methods to improve individual support for children between 2020 and 2023.

Four subsidiary studies have been carried out to gather knowledge that contributes to the overall aim. Study 1 explored staff experiences and conditions for co-producing with children in residential services, using focus groups. Data were analysed through qualitative content analysis. Realist evaluation was employed to identify barriers and enablers (Study II) and to explore programme theory (Study III) during the staging of the support development programme. Study IV examined aspects of child involvement in the support development programme, using deductive content analysis and coding of child case studies, using data from Studies II and III.

Critical realism served as the philosophical framework to synthesise and develop findings from the sub-studies in response to the overall aim. Specifically, by exploring and developing programme theory through the identification and description of the mechanisms, contextual variables, outputs, and outcomes related to the introduction of working methods that help staff plan, implement, follow-up, and involve children with intellectual disability in support interventions within residential services. The findings can assist programme managers and leaders in residences with special services to adapt implementation strategies and support mechanisms to achieve desirable outcomes in their specific operational contexts. Additionally, the findings can serve as a foundation for further knowledge development on working methods for supporting development in residential services and related practices.

Abstract [sv]

Barn med intellektuella funktionsnedsättningar som bor på boenden med särskild service är en sårbar grupp. De har ett stort behov av individuellt anpassat stöd för att fungera i det dagliga livet. Samtidigt innebär barnens kognitiva och kommunikativa begränsningar utmaningar för deltagande i beslut om hur de vill få stöd och hjälp. Det finns begränsad forskning, men resultaten visar att bostäder med särskild service har svårigheter att möta stödbehoven hos barn och unga med funktionsnedsättningar. Det är oklart hur personalen stöttar barnens deltagande. Att bygga upp personalkapacitet för att möta behoven och stödja barn med intellektuella funktionsnedsättningar kräver organisatoriska förändringar genom personcentrerade tillvägagångssätt, implementering av åtgärder för att bedöma mänsklig funktion samt kontinuerlig kvalitetsförbättring med fokus på personliga resultat. Processutvärderingar som betonar insatser, aktiviteter och resultat, tillsammans med deras samverkan, kan öka förståelsen för hur och varför ett program eller stödinitiativ lyckas eller misslyckas i sin implementering.

Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att utforska och utveckla programteori för att stödja utvecklingen av personalens arbetssätt på boenden med särskild service för barn med intellektuella funktionsnedsättningar. Det empiriska materialet samlades huvudsakligen in under implementeringen av ett stödutvecklingsprogram, där boendepersonalen testade nya arbetssätt för att förbättra det individuella stödet till barn mellan 2020 och 2023.

Fyra delstudier har genomförts för att samla in kunskap som bidrar till det övergripande målet. Studie 1 omfattar fokusgruppsintervjuer med personal om deras erfarenheter och förutsättningar för samskapande med barn som är placerade i bostäder med särskild service. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. En realistisk utvärdering användes för att identifiera hinder och möjliggörare (studie II) samt för att utforska programteori (studie III) under stödutvecklingsprogrammets genomförande. Studie IV använde data från studier II och III för att undersöka aspekter av barns engagemang i stödutvecklingsprogrammet, med hjälp av deduktiv innehållsanalys och kodning av fallstudier av barn.

Kritisk realism används som ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt ramverk för att syntetisera och utveckla resultaten från delstudierna och möta det övergripande målet. Mer specifikt genom att utforska programteori genom att identifiera och beskriva mekanismer, kontextuella variabler, output och resultat relaterade till införandet av arbetsmetoder som hjälper personal att planera, implementera, följa upp och involvera barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning i stödinsatser inom särskilda boenden. Resultaten kan stödja programchefer och ledare inom bostäder med särskild service i att anpassa implementeringsstrategier för att stödja mekanismer som uppnår önskvärda resultat i deras specifika operativa sammanhang. Dessutom kan resultaten tjäna som grund för vidare kunskapsutveckling om arbetsmetoder för att stödja utveckling inom bostäder med särskild service samt relaterade metoder.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare , 2026. , p. 110
Series
Hälsohögskolans avhandlingsserie, ISSN 1654-3602 ; 153
Keywords [en]
LSS, residences, support, quality improvement, ICF, co-production, user involvement, person-centred approaches, realist evalutation, critical realism
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-73871ISBN: 978-91-88669-81-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88669-82-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-73871DiVA, id: diva2:2104526
Public defence
2026-10-16, Forum Humanum, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-09-24 Created: 2026-09-24 Last updated: 2026-09-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Exploring Co-production in Residences with Special Services for Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring Co-production in Residences with Special Services for Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability in Sweden
2021 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, ISSN 1501-7419, E-ISSN 1745-3011, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 247-259Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In Sweden, children and adolescents with intellectual disability in special residences often have complex support needs. In this study, co-production refers to when and how staff in special residences, and children and adolescents living there, interact to promote support that enhances their participation in everyday life according to their desires and needs. The study explores staff experiences of the conditions for co-producing individual support at LSS residences for children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze focus group interviews with staff in LSS residences. The analysis identified three generic categories: establishment of a structured context, continuous individual support development, and influencing factors for co-production. A key finding derived from the generic categories was that the conditions for co-produced support are impeded by communication barriers between staff and children/adolescents. Practical implications and future research are discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm University Press, 2021
Keywords
Co-production; support; children and adolescents with intellectual disability; staff; LSS
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54492 (URN)10.16993/sjdr.789 (DOI)000983725200022 ()2-s2.0-85118403496 (Scopus ID)POA;;54492 (Local ID)POA;;54492 (Archive number)POA;;54492 (OAI)
Available from: 2021-09-03 Created: 2021-09-03 Last updated: 2026-09-24Bibliographically approved
2. Enhancing staff capacity to support children with intellectual disability receiving residential services: A realist evaluation of an improvement program
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhancing staff capacity to support children with intellectual disability receiving residential services: A realist evaluation of an improvement program
2023 (English)In: Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, ISSN 1741-1122, E-ISSN 1741-1130, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 260-272Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Children with intellectual disability receiving residential support, according to the Swedish Disability Act, need substantial support to cope with everyday life. These children have cognitive and communicative limitations, entailing difficulties for staff in consulting the children regarding their support arrangements. In addition, due to lack of research there are knowledge gaps and uncertainties concerning how staff can provide the children's support. To deliver high qualitative support, research suggests that disability organisations should (1) continuously work with quality improvement, (2) adopt a multi-dimensional framework that explains human functioning and disability as a basis for understanding individual support needs, and (3) use person-centred approaches. Based on these principles, this study has applied a realist evaluation to identify enablers and barriers during the implementation of an improvement programme aimed at improving staff's ability to provide support to children living in special residences.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
children, intellectual disability, practice, residence, working methods
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60001 (URN)10.1111/jppi.12453 (DOI)000950478000001 ()2-s2.0-85150758172 (Scopus ID)HOA;;866134 (Local ID)HOA;;866134 (Archive number)HOA;;866134 (OAI)
Available from: 2023-03-21 Created: 2023-03-21 Last updated: 2026-09-24Bibliographically approved
3. Exploring programme theory when integrating ICF categories in a support development programme for children with intellectual disability living in special residences: a realist evaluation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring programme theory when integrating ICF categories in a support development programme for children with intellectual disability living in special residences: a realist evaluation
2025 (English)In: International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, ISSN 2047-3869Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Objectives

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) offers a standardised language to inform goal setting, support interventions and follow-up on personal functioning outcomes. There is a lack of knowledge about how ICF can be used in practice in residences providing special services for children with intellectual disabilities. This study explores programme theory when ICF categories were integrated into a support development programme to facilitate systematic follow-up on child-individual support interventions in residences with special services.

Methods

The study employs a realist evaluation design, utilising data from individual child case studies, group interviews, and field notes.

Results

The findings show that ICF-based follow-up can enable staff to connect personal outcome measures to goals, facilitate infrastructure for measurement and follow-up, create learning and can promote action to improve the children′s support. Implementation challenges arose due to an unpredictable and demanding work environment, as well as difficulties in applying ICF categories across various aspects.

Conclusions

The findings can inform future research regarding working methods as well as disability care organisations striving to develop evidence-based practices. Program design should respect staff workload and minimize elements that add unnecessary complexity to daily tasks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2025
Keywords
Children, intellectual disability, systematic follow-up, residence, ICF, practice
National Category
Nursing Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-70326 (URN)10.1080/20473869.2025.2594623 (DOI)001630760200001 ()2-s2.0-105024539571 (Scopus ID)HOA;;70326 (Local ID)HOA;;70326 (Archive number)HOA;;70326 (OAI)
Available from: 2025-12-05 Created: 2025-12-05 Last updated: 2026-09-24
4. Child Involvement in a Support Development Programme in Residential Services: A Secondary Analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Child Involvement in a Support Development Programme in Residential Services: A Secondary Analysis
2026 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, ISSN 1501-7419, E-ISSN 1745-3011, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 387-402Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Children with intellectual disabilities placed in residential services face challenges in making their voices heard and expressing their support needs. It is important to understand how these children can be more involved in their support arrangements. This study utilises secondary data from group interviews and child case studies to investigate child involvement in the design and delivery of support, and staff actions concerning support development related to child involvement when a support development programme is realised. The analysis used the theoretical model of Doing to, Doing for, and Doing with to explore the level of involvement in supporting the children. The findings demonstrate that a person-centred support development programme can foster child involvement in residential services across different levels, despite children’s varying capacities. This includes staff understanding of those capacities, which pose challenges to involvement. Organisational support for working methods and competence increases the opportunity for residential staff to give children a voice in co-design and co-delivery, in line with children’s capacity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm University Press, 2026
Keywords
children with intellectual disability, co-production, co-design, co-delivery, residential services, staff competence development, support development programme
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-73651 (URN)10.16993/sjdr.1386 (DOI)001888989100007 ()2-s2.0-105048585491 (Scopus ID)POA;;73651 (Local ID)POA;;73651 (Archive number)POA;;73651 (OAI)
Available from: 2026-08-25 Created: 2026-08-25 Last updated: 2026-10-13Bibliographically approved

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