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The influence of microstructure on the crack initiation and propagation in Al-Si casting alloys
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5753-4052
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

For reducing the CO2 footprint in many industrial fields, the goal is to produce lighter components. The aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) cast alloys are promising candidates to fulfill these goals with a high weight-to-strength ratio, good corrosion properties, excellent castability, and recyclable material. However, the variations within these components need to be understood to produce high-performance components for critical applications. The main reason for the rejection in these applications is defects and microstructural features that reduce the mechanical properties. The addition of copper (Cu) is one way of increasing the mechanical properties in Al-Si alloys and is commonly used in the automotive industry. Casting defects harm the mechanical properties, and these defects can be reduced by improving the melt quality, the correct design of the component, and the gating system.

The study aims to investigate the static mechanical properties and the crack initiation and propagation under cyclic loading in an Al-7Si-Mg cast alloy with state-of-the-art experiments. The main focuses were on the effect of the HIP process and the role of Cu addition. In-situ cyclic testing using a scanning electron microscope coupled with electron back-scattered diffraction, digital image correlation, focused ion beam (FIB) slicing, and computed tomography scanning was used to evaluate the complex interaction between the crack path and the microstructural features.

The amount of Cu retained in the α-Al matrix in as-cast and heat-treated conditions significantly influenced the static mechanical properties by increasing yield strength and ultimate tensile strength with a decrease in elongation. The three-nearest-neighbor distance of eutectic Si and Cu-rich particles and crack tortuosity were new tools to describe the crack propagation in the alloys, showing that a reduced distance between the Cu-rich phases is detrimental for the mechanical properties. Three dimensional tomography using a FIB revealed that the alloy with 3.2 wt.% Cu had a significantly increased quantity of cracked Si particles and intermetallic phases ahead of the crack tip than the Cu-free alloy. The effect of Cu and HIP process in this work shows the complex interaction between the microstructural features and the mechanical properties, and this needs to be considered to produce high-performance components.

Abstract [sv]

Ett sätt att nå målen med minskade koldioxidutsläpp inom industrin är att producera lättare komponenter. Aluminium-kisel (Al-Si) gjutna legeringar är därför ett bra alternativ då dessa legeringar har ett bra förhållande mellan hållfasthet och vikt, goda korrosionsegenskaper, utmärkt gjutbarhet och är ett återvinningsbart material. En av de största utmaningarna för att producera högpresterande komponenter för kritiska applikationer är variationerna i egenskaper inom dessa komponenter. Orsaken till att inte gjutna Al-Si legeringar andvänds i dessa applikationer är förståelsen av defekter och mikrostruktuella faser påverkar de mekaniska egenskaperna negativt. Koppar (Cu) tillsätts i Al-Si legeringar för att öka de mekaniska egenskaperna vilket ofta nyttjas inom bilindustrin. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) prosessen är en annan möjlighet att förbättra de mekaniska egenskaperna genom att reducera porositeter i materialet.

Studien syftar till att undersöka de mekaniska egenskaperna och sprickinitiering och spricktillväxt i en gjuten legering av Al-7Si-Mg med utmattningstestning i svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) i kombination med electron backscatter diffraction, digital image correlation och focused ion beam (FIB). Mängden Cu i Al-Si legeringen påverkade de statiska mekaniska egenskaperna genom att öka sträckgränsen och brottgränsen. Tillsats av Cu upp till 1.5 vikt.% påverkar inte spricktillväxten märkbart. Däremot förändras beteendet markant vid tillsatser av Cu på mer än 3.0 vikt.% som resulterade i en markant reducering i duktilitet. I det värmebehandlade materialet påverkades de mekaniska egenskaperna av Al-matrisen och mängden intermetalliska faser. Avståndet mellan Cu faserna och Si faserna används för att beskriva spricktillväxten i Al-Si legeringarna. Detta tillsammans med tredimensionell tomografi visade att legeringen med 3.2 vikt.% Cu hade en ökad mängd sprickor i området framför den avancerande sprickan, vilket inte den Cu fria legeringen visade. Al-Si legeringen som utsattes för HIP-processen och värmebehandlingen visade att materialets mikrostruktur i gjutet tillstånd påverkade resultatet. HIP processen slöt porositerena i alla undersökta prover och förbättrade de mekaniska egenskaperna.

Dessa resultat kommer kunna användas för att konstruera mer högpresterande komponenter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering , 2021. , p. 68
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 062
Keywords [en]
Aluminum-Silicon alloys; scanning electron microscopy; material characterization; fatigue performance; digital image correlation
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52087ISBN: 978-91-87289-66-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-52087DiVA, id: diva2:1539364
Presentation
2021-04-16, Jönköping University, School of Engineering, Jönköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-03-23 Created: 2021-03-23 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The influence of copper addition on crack initiation and propagation in an Al–Si–Mg alloy during cyclic testing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The influence of copper addition on crack initiation and propagation in an Al–Si–Mg alloy during cyclic testing
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2020 (English)In: Materialia, E-ISSN 2589-1529, Vol. 12, article id 100787Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The effect of copper (Cu) addition up to 3.2 wt% on crack initiation and propagation in an Al–Si–Mg cast alloy was investigated using in-situ cyclic testing in the as-cast condition. A combination of digital image correlation, electron backscatter diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate crack initiation and propagation behaviour during in-situ cyclic testing. The results showed that Cu-rich intermetallic compounds with the addition of Cu up to 1.5 wt% do not affect the fatigue behaviour of these alloys, and that crack propagation in these cases is trans-granular and trans-dendritic. However, increasing the concentration of the Cu retained in the primary α-Al matrix in solid solution and Cu-containing precipitates delayed crack propagation during cyclic testing. The results showed that strain accumulation was highest at the grain boundaries; however, the crack preferred to propagate along or across primary α-Al dendrites due to the relatively lower mechanical strength of the matrix compared to the eutectic and intermetallic phases. Moreover, the addition of Cu of more than 3.0 wt% to Al-Si-Mg alloys changes the fatigue behaviour that a rapid failure occurs. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Al alloys, Cu intermetallics, Cyclic loading, Digital image correlation, In situ, Aluminum alloys, Copper compounds, Crack initiation, Crack propagation, Cracks, Grain boundaries, Intermetallics, Magnesium alloys, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon alloys, Ternary systems, Copper additions, Crack initiation and propagation, Digital image correlations, Effect of coppers, Electron back scatter diffraction, Fatigue behaviour, Intermetallic phasis, Strain accumulations, Fatigue of materials
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50104 (URN)10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100787 (DOI)000559334400003 ()2-s2.0-85086821863 (Scopus ID)HOA;intsam;1454593 (Local ID)HOA;intsam;1454593 (Archive number)HOA;intsam;1454593 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-07-17 Created: 2020-07-17 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
2. The complex interaction between microstructural features and crack evolution during cyclic testing in heat-treated Al–Si–Mg–Cu cast alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The complex interaction between microstructural features and crack evolution during cyclic testing in heat-treated Al–Si–Mg–Cu cast alloys
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2021 (English)In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 825, article id 141930Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The study aimed to investigate crack initiation and propagation at the micro-scale in heat-treated Al–7Si–Mg cast alloys with different copper (Cu) contents. In-situ cyclic testing in a scanning electron microscope coupled with electron back-scattered diffraction and digital image correlation was used to evaluate the complex interaction between the crack path and the microstructural features. The three-nearest-neighbour distance of secondary particles was a new tool to describe the crack propagation in the alloys. The amount of Cu retained in the α-Al matrix after heat treatment increased with the Cu content in the alloy and enhanced the strength with a slight decrease in elongation. During cyclic testing, the two-dimensional (2D) crack path appeared with a mixed propagation, both trans- and inter-granular, regardless of the Cu content of the alloy. On fracture surfaces, multiple crack initiation points were detected along the thickness of the samples. The debonding of silicon (Si) particles took place during crack propagation in the Cu-free alloy, while cracking of Si particles and intermetallic phases occurred in the alloy with 3.2 wt% Cu. Three-dimensional tomography using focused ion beam revealed that the improved strength of the α-Al matrix changes the number of cracked particles ahead of the propagating crack with Cu concentration above 1.5 wt%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Aluminium alloys, Casting methods, Characterisation, Electron microscopy, Fatigue, After-heat treatment, Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Crack initiation, Crack propagation, Cracks, Fatigue testing, Ion beams, Magnesium alloys, Scanning electron microscopy, Cast alloys, Casting method, Characterization, Crack paths, Cracks propagation, Cu content, Cyclic testing, matrix, Microstructural features, Silicon particles, Fatigue of materials
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54357 (URN)10.1016/j.msea.2021.141930 (DOI)000696737700001 ()2-s2.0-85113150418 (Scopus ID)HOA;intsam;761074 (Local ID)HOA;intsam;761074 (Archive number)HOA;intsam;761074 (OAI)
Note

Included in licentiate thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2021-08-30 Created: 2021-08-30 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
3. The impact of HIP process and heat treatment on the fatigue performance of an Al-Si-Mg alloy component
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of HIP process and heat treatment on the fatigue performance of an Al-Si-Mg alloy component
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52086 (URN)
Note

Submitted to conference.

Available from: 2021-03-23 Created: 2021-03-23 Last updated: 2025-10-13

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