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Psychological Effects and Their Role in Online Privacy Interactions: A Review
Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7384-4552
Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9980-3473
Karlstads universitet, Centrum för tjänsteforskning (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8102-8168
2020 (English)In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 8, p. 21236-21260Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Because of the increasing dependency on online technologies in even the most ordinary activities, people have to make privacy decisions during everyday online interactions. Visual design often influences their choices. Hence, it is in the hands of choice architects and designers to guide users towards specific decision outcomes. This “nudging” has gained much interest among scholars in interdisciplinary research, resulting in experimental studies with visual cues that may have the potential to alter attitudes and behaviors. Attitude and behavior changes are often attributed to several psychological effects manifesting in cognitive processing and decision-making. This article presents the results of a systematic literature review carried out to identify which psychological effects have been previously studied in the context of online privacy interactions. Subsequently, fifteen articles were selected and thoroughly reviewed, resulting in the identification of twenty psychological effects. The visual cues triggering these effects were recognized and classified against their capabilities to alter privacy attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, the visual cues were divided into two categories: privacy-enhancing and privacy-deteriorating. This review discusses the applicability of such cues in research and UI design. Further, the findings are discussed against the existing research on digital nudges. The authors conclude with a discussion on issues of research quality in the privacy-related field and outline the road to improvement.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020. Vol. 8, p. 21236-21260
Keywords [en]
HCI, privacy, decision-making, attitude, behaviour, visual cues, design
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60095DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2969562ISI: 000525391900050OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-60095DiVA, id: diva2:1749397
Projects
Privacy & Us, 4961
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020Available from: 2023-04-06 Created: 2023-04-06 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Homo Varius: Investigating Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants to Explain Online Privacy Decisions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Homo Varius: Investigating Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants to Explain Online Privacy Decisions
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

When people interact with others, they control how much personal information they reveal, and, hence, make decisions about their privacy. Similarly, in online settings, they decide how much personal information they expose. However, online, their decisions might have greater consequences because of the persistent nature of disclosed information and technological complexities. Hence, technologies should provide people with comprehensive knowledge, enabling informed choices, and reducing privacy risks. Nevertheless, little is known about the interplay of the different factors that influence people's privacy choices. Sometimes, people over-disclose their personal information despite their privacy concerns, presumably relying on fast thinking of homo heuristicus. Yet, it is common to expect that people's decisions should result in more "rational" outcomes; this may decrease privacy risks - here, bringing to the forefront thinking of homo economicus.  This thesis presents insights into the understanding of online privacy decisions. Through a series of studies, we investigate the many factors that influence privacy-related attitudes and behaviors. Our work examines the interaction of the intrinsic (e.g., personality) and extrinsic (e.g., visual design of a privacy interface) determinants of online choices (e.g., disclosure). Overall, we demonstrate the complexity of human decisions in the context of online privacy, suggesting that people's choices are context-dependent and the borders between decisions of the homo heuristicus and economicus are blurry. Thus, we conclude that it is homo varius that can make privacy-aware choices by switching between rational calculations and heuristical thinking, depending on the interplay of different intrinsic and extrinsic determinants. This work provides a knowledge base for future studies investigating privacy decisions. Further, it contributes insights for privacy practitioners (e.g., designers) that may help improve current privacy designs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2020. p. 48
Keywords
Privacy, Attitudes & Behavior, Decision-Making, HCI, GUI, Usability, Visual Design, Personality, Affect
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60093 (URN)978-91-7867-150-2 (ISBN)978-91-7867-149-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-10-19, 21A342, Eva Eriksson, 13:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-04-06 Created: 2023-04-06 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved

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Kitkowska, AgnieszkaMartucci, LeonardoWästlund, Erik

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