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Unraveling compacted and nodular cast iron porosity: Case studies approach
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6491-2418
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6938-037X
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3024-9005
2024 (English)In: International Journal of metalcasting, ISSN 1939-5981, E-ISSN 2163-3193, Vol. 18, p. 1811-1830Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Porosity is the culprit for a large fraction of scrap in cast iron foundries, resulting in significant environmental and productivity losses. The present work focuses on characterizing and explaining porosity defects in industrial compacted and nodular graphite cast iron components, utilizing current literature for reference. The goal is to identify existing knowledge gaps in the field, fostering further research work. Complex-shaped castings were sampled from three foundries, weighing between 100 and 300 kg. These were carefully selected to capture recurring defects during stable production. The mechanisms behind these defects were discussed, and the findings were compared to the literature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the inner surfaces of the pores with secondary electron imaging. The surrounding microstructure was captured with optical microscopy in combination with image analysis, where panoramic images and nodularity maps were built. Ultimately, etching based on Si segregation was employed. The results suggest that the understanding of pore surface film formation remains limited, particularly regarding graphite film formation. Notably, the observations reveal a multitude of previously unreported graphite structures within the pores, some with particles in their centers containing Ce, Ca, La and S. These novel structures can provide additional insights regarding pore formation chronology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024. Vol. 18, p. 1811-1830
Keywords [en]
cast iron, component casting, solidification, porosity
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62559DOI: 10.1007/s40962-023-01149-9ISI: 001091511000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85172080159Local ID: HOA;;907153OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-62559DiVA, id: diva2:1801468
Funder
Knowledge FoundationAvailable from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Formation mechanisms and characterisation of porosity in cast iron
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Formation mechanisms and characterisation of porosity in cast iron
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cast Iron, despite being used for thousands of years, is yet to be a perfected art, with a significant portion of losses caused by porosity in the cast components. Porosity leads to substantially increased costs, waste of embodied energy, and environmental emissions. Minimizing these defects demands a thorough understanding of their causes and effective corrective measures.

Driven by the necessity to produce lighter and more efficient components, heavy-duty powertrains have increasingly adopted compacted graphite cast iron (CGI) as the current state-of-the-art in engine components. However, CGI’s recent adoption, facilitated by advanced process control methods, has also increased susceptibility to defects. The work presented in this thesis investigated the mechanisms surrounding porosity defect formation in CGI, particularly when compared to the extensively studied spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) and lamellar graphite cast iron (LGI).

A case study was conducted in cooperation with several cast iron producers. Components containing porosity defects stemming from complex heavy castings were analysed in depth and compared to the literature information available regarding porosity defects. These analyses identified knowledge gaps, motivating the development of a novel experimental methodology capable of controlling key variables affecting pore formation, including gas composition within the pore, pore formation temperature, melt composition, and graphite morphology. Knowledge gaps highlighted in the case studies were targeted. Notably, although graphite film formation was previously largely attributed to the pore gas composition, its occurrence within inert argon-filled pores indicates the involvement of additional mechanisms.

The present work also evaluated the partitioning behavior of nitrogen during solidification. A discrepancy in reported nitrogen partition coefficients was identified between existing literature and thermodynamic databases. Partitioning affects its segregation behavior and consequently the tendency for porosity formation. A hold and quench experiment has shown that nitrogen tends to partition towards the liquid phase during solidification, which suggests it can significantly contribute to pore nucleation and growth. This finding further stresses the importance of selecting databases that accurately represent the behavior of the system of interest, while simultaneously highlighting the need to improve the accuracy of existing ones.

These findings offer critical insights for improved process control, ultimately supporting the production of more reliable and efficient CGI components.

Abstract [sv]

Trots att gjutjärn använts under tusentals år är konsten att gjuta det utan defekter långt ifrån fulländad. Idag härleds en betydande del av produktionsförlusterna till porositet i de gjutna komponenterna, vilket resulterar i ett avsevärt slöseri med energi och ökade utsläpp till miljön. För att minimera dessa defekter krävs djupgående förståelse av deras orsaker samt effektiva korrigerande åtgärder.

Det ökade behovet av lättare och effektivare komponenter för drivlinor för tung industri har expanderat användningen av kompaktgrafitjärn (CGI) för motorkomponenter. CGI:s relativt nya introduktion, möjliggjord av mer avancerad processtyrningsmetoder, har dock även lett till ökad känslighet för defekter. Syftet med denna avhandling är att kartlägga graden av förståelse kring porositetsdefekter i CGI jämfört med det mer ingående studerade segjärnet (SGI) och gråjärnet (LGI).

Ett flertal fallstudier har genomförts i samarbete med flera gjutjärnsproducenter. Komponenter med porositetsdefekter från komplexa och tunga gjutgods analyserades noggrant och jämfördes med literaturen kring porositetsdefekter. Dessa analyser identifierade kunskapsluckor som motiverade utvecklingen av en ny experimentell metodik, där avgörande variabler kring porbildning kunde kontrolleras systematiskt, inklusive gassammansättning i poren, porbildningstemperatur, smältsammansättning och grafitens morfologi. Kunskapsluckorna från fallstudierna hade ett särskilt fokus. Det visades bland annat att grafitfilmer, tidigare huvudsakligen kopplade till gassammansättningen, kunde bildas även i porer fyllda med inert argongas, vilket antyder att andra mekanismer också bidrar till detta fenomen.

Denna studie undersökte även fördelningsbeteendet av kväve under stelningsprocessen. En diskrepans gällande kvävets fördelningskoefficient identifierades i befintlig litteratur och termodynamiska databaser. Fördelningsbeteendet påverkar segregation av kväve och därmed även benägenheten för porbildning. Genom så kallade ”hold and quench”-experiment visades att kväve tenderar att fördelas mot den flytande fasen under stelning, vilket innebär att det kan spela en betydande roll vid kärnbildning och tillväxt av porer. Detta resultat understryker vikten av att använda termodynamiska databaser som noggrant speglar de undersökta systemens beteenden.

Dessa resultat erbjuder viktiga insikter för förbättrad processtyrning och bidrar i förlängningen till produktionen av mer tillförlitliga och effektiva CGI-komponenter

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering, 2025. p. 44
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 096
Keywords
Compacted graphite iron, Spheroidal graphite iron, Lamellar graphite iron, Solidification, Porosity, Microsegregation, kompaktgrafitjärn, segjärnet, gråjärn, stelning, porositet, mikrosegregation
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67770 (URN)978-91-89785-25-0 (ISBN)978-91-89785-26-7 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-06-13, E1405 (Gjuterisalen), Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, Jönköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-16 Created: 2025-05-16 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved

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Queirós, RicardoDomeij, BjörnDiószegi, Attila

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