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Mechanical properties of semi-solid Al castings: Role of stirring
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0431-4352
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aluminum castings have been widely used in the automotive industry to reduce the vehicle's weight. However, the existence of casting defects significantly limits its application. The most common and detrimental defects in aluminum castings are porosity and oxides. The formation of the pores comes from the solute hydrogen and volumetric reduction during the solidification process, resulting in the gas and shrinkage pores, respectively. The oxides can be introduced by either the operation during the process or the originally existing oxides in the melt. To reduce these defects, optimizing the casting process and controlling the melt quality is essential.

In this work, the Semisolid Metal (SSM) process was used as it can significantly reduce the formation of shrinkage pores. The main focuses were on the influence of stirring intensity on the formation of casting defects and, thus, the resultant mechanical properties. In addition, to control the original melt quality, particularly the amount of oxides, efforts were made to develop proper methods for the melt quality assessment.

The results show that the slurry-making process, mainly through stirring intensity, can affect the casting defects significantly. On the one hand, the increasing stirring intensity can distribute the primary Al particles more homogeneously, reducing the pores in terms of size and number by increasing the permeability during the solidification process. On the other hand, the increasing stirring intensity can affect the size of oxides differently, depending on the composition, for instance, the Mg content.

For the alloys with sufficient Mg, the oxides would be MgAl2O4, which are small films with numerous cracks. Under intensive stirring, the oxides can break down into small oxide particles. As a result, intensive stirring can improve ductility by reducing the formation of big pores. However, the oxides would mainly be Al2O3 films for alloys with low Mg content. In this case, the current stirring intensity is insufficient to break the oxide films. Instead, the increased stirring has introduced more oxide films into the melt. Consequently, in the casting with intensive stirring, the increasing oxide films dominated the ductility rather than the reduced porosity.

The SSM castings exhibit better bending fatigue properties than the casting using the traditional high-pressure die casting (HPDC) process. This improvement is mainly due to the formation of the harder surface liquid segregation (SLS) layer on the SSM casting surface. Furthermore, compared with the standard SSM process, the castings using intensive stirring (hereinafter referred to as the modified SSM process) show similar but more reliable fatigue properties. This reliable fatigue property can be attributed to eliminating the big internal pores through intensive stirring, which results in local stress concentration and significantly reduces fatigue performance. Besides, due to the gradient stress distribution in the bending loading, the surface defects play a significant role in the fatigue properties. With the increase of the specimens’ thickness, the failure mechanisms changed.

The shrinkage pores in the reduced pressure test (RPT) test play a significant role in the accuracy of melt quality assessment. A good correlation between the bifilm index (BI)/ density index (DI) and hydrogen content is observed for the RPT samples without significant shrinkage pores. In addition, the correlation between the BI and elongation is also strongly affected by the clusters of shrinkage pores due to the conflict between the definition of the BI and the influence of clusters of shrinkage pores on the ductility. Based on this, we proposed an optimized BI where the clusters of shrinkage pores were treated as single pores, increasing the reliability of the correlation between the BI and elongation. 

Abstract [sv]

Aluminiumgjutgods har använts i stor utsträckning inom bilindustrin för att minska fordonets vikt. Förekomsten av gjutningsdefekter begränsar emellertid dess tillämpning avsevärt. De vanligaste och mest skadliga defekterna i aluminiumgjutgods är porositet och oxider. Bildandet av porerna kommer från löst väte och volymetrisk reduktion under stelningsprocessen, vilket resulterar i att gasporerna respektive krymperporerna. Oxiderna kan införas antingen genom operationen under processen eller de ursprungligen existerande oxiderna i smältan. För att minska mängden av dessa defekter måste gjutningsprocessen optimeras och smältkvaliteten måste kontrolleras kritiskt samtidigt.

I detta arbete användes Semisolid Metal (SSM)-processen. Fokus ligger på inverkan av omrörningsintensiteten på bildandet av gjutdefekter och de resulterande mekaniska egenskaperna. För att kontrollera den ursprungliga smältkvaliteten, särskilt mängden oxider, gjordes ansträngningar för att utveckla lämpliga metoder för bedömning av smältkvaliteten.

Resultaten visar att slurrytillverkningsprocessen påverkar gjutdefekterna avsevärt. Å ena sidan kan den ökande omrörningsintensiteten fördela de primära Al-partiklarna mer homogent, vilket minskar porerna vad gäller storlek och antal genom att öka permeabiliteten under stelningsprocessen. Å andra sidan kan den ökande omrörningsintensiteten påverka storleken på oxider olika beroende på sammansättningen, till exempel Mg-halten.

För legeringar med tillräckligt med Mg skulle oxiderna vara MgAl2O4, som existerar som små filmer med många sprickor. Under intensiv omrörning kan oxiderna brytas ner till små oxidpartiklar. Som ett resultat kan intensiv omrörning förbättra duktiliteten genom att minska bildningen av stora porer. För legeringarna med lågt Mg-innehåll är emellertid oxiderna huvudsakligen Al2O3-filmer. I detta fall är den aktuella omrörningsintensiteten inte tillräcklig för att bryta oxidfilmerna, utan fler oxidfilmer kan införas i smältan. Följaktligen, i gjutningen med intensiv omrörning, dominerades duktiliteten av de ökande oxidfilmerna snarare än den minskade porositeten.

På grund av bildandet av det hårdare segrade ytsmältskiktet (SLS) på SSM-gjutytan uppvisar SSM-gjutgodset bättre böjningsutmattningsegenskaper än högtryckspressgjutprover (HPDC). Vidare, i jämförelse med standard SSM-processen, visar gjutgods med intensiv omrörning liknande men mer tillförlitliga utmattningsegenskaper. Detta kan tillskrivas elimineringen av de stora inre porerna genom intensiv omrörning. Dessutom, på grund av gradientspänningsfördelningen i böjbelastningen, spelar ytdefekterna en betydande roll för utmattningsegenskaperna. Med ökningen av provernas tjocklek förändrades felmekanismerna.

Krympporerna i testet med reducerat tryck (RPT) spelar en betydande roll för noggrannheten av smältkvalitetsbedömningen. För RPT-prover utan signifikanta krympningsporer observeras en god korrelation mellan bifilmindex (BI)/densitetsindex (DI) och vätehalt. Dessutom är korrelationen mellan BI och förlängning också starkt påverkad av förekomsten av kluster av krympningsporer. Detta kan tillskrivas konflikten mellan definitionen av BI och påverkan av kluster av krympningsporer på duktiliteten. Baserat på detta föreslog vi en optimerad BI där klustren av krympningsporer behandlades som enstaka porer, vilket ökade tillförlitligheten av korrelationen mellan BI och förlängning. 

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering , 2023. , p. 75
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 085
Keywords [en]
Rheometal™ process, aluminum alloys, stirring, segregation, porosity, oxides, ductility, fatigue performance, melt quality
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62912ISBN: 978-91-89785-03-8 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89785-04-5 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-62912DiVA, id: diva2:1813817
Public defence
2023-12-08, E1405 (Gjuterisalen), Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-11-22 Created: 2023-11-22 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Role of Iron-Rich Phases and Porosity on the Ductility of Rheocast Al-Mg-Si-Alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role of Iron-Rich Phases and Porosity on the Ductility of Rheocast Al-Mg-Si-Alloys
2022 (English)In: Solid State Phenomena / [ed] J. Li & A. Rassili, Trans Tech Publications, 2022, Vol. 327, p. 65-70Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Treatment of the slurry is important during RheoMetalTM casting. In this work, semi-solid slurries were prepared under different stirring intensities, using two types of stirrers: a naked rod (for regular stirring) and a rod with two blades (for intensive stirring). Tensile tests were performed, investigating fracture surfaces, as well as metallographic samples. The results show that intensive stirring produces castings with finer primary particles and a more homogeneous microstructure. On the other hand, more faceted Fe-rich phases are found along the α-Al grains boundary, due to the dissolution of Fe from the stirrers. Moreover, for intensive stirring castings, the porosity found on the fracture surfaces are smaller, while more second (intermetallic) phases, especially Fe-rich phases, are observed. Consequently, the castings with intensive stirring show worse ductility. Finally, a quantitative analysis was made regarding ductility, affected both by porosity and the presence of Fe-rich phases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trans Tech Publications, 2022
Series
Solid State Phenomena, ISSN 0377-6883, E-ISSN 1662-9779 ; 327
Keywords
Elongation, Fe-rich intermetallic, Intensive stirring, Porosity, Segregation, Semi-solid casting
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-56184 (URN)10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.327.65 (DOI)2-s2.0-85127198596 (Scopus ID)9783035717792 (ISBN)
Conference
16th International Conference on Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, S2P 2021
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-02831
Available from: 2022-04-12 Created: 2022-04-12 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
2. On the Role of Stirring on Microstructure and Ductility of Rheocast Al Alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Role of Stirring on Microstructure and Ductility of Rheocast Al Alloys
2021 (English)In: JOM: The Member Journal of TMS, ISSN 1047-4838, E-ISSN 1543-1851, Vol. 73, no 12, p. 3848-3857Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Two alloys containing different Mg contents have been used to study the combined effect of stirring and oxidation on microstructure and ductility. The results show that intensive stirring can sufficiently disperse the alpha-Al particles and enable better liquid feeding during solidification and consequently reduce the porosity. The morphology of the oxides is determined by the amount of both Mg and stirring. With lower Mg content, the oxides present as oxide films, which can be broken up during stirring. In alloy with higher Mg content, the oxides exist as particles with numerous cracks, and the particle size increases slightly after stirring. In the Magsimal 59 alloy, due to the presence of large clusters of pores in the fracture surface, the influence of the small oxide particles on the ductility is negligible. In contrast, in the 42000 alloy, large oxide films on the fracture surface are correlated with the ductility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54852 (URN)10.1007/s11837-021-04905-6 (DOI)000703371300004 ()2-s2.0-85116319612 (Scopus ID)HOA;;771344 (Local ID)HOA;;771344 (Archive number)HOA;;771344 (OAI)
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-02831
Available from: 2021-10-14 Created: 2021-10-14 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
3. Four-point bending fatigue behavior of rheocast AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy: Role of the surface liquid segregation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Four-point bending fatigue behavior of rheocast AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy: Role of the surface liquid segregation
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Fatigue, ISSN 0142-1123, E-ISSN 1879-3452, Vol. 175, article id 107791Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The surface liquid segregation (SLS) layer in semisolid casting presents higher hardness than the surface of specimens cast using high-pressure die casting (HPDC). Bending fatigue tests showed that semisolid castings present better fatigue properties at higher stress, and this improvement disappears when the applied stress is lower than a critical load. This is because HPDC and SSM castings share the same surface deformation at low stress. More significant deformation is observed for HPDC castings when the stress exceeds the critical load. The presence of surface defects enlarges the difference in deformation at high stress and reduces the critical load.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Four-point fatigue test, Porosity, Semisolid casting, Surface liquid segregation, Bending tests, Die casting, Surface defects, Surface segregation, Bending fatigue, Critical load, Four-point, Four-point-bending, High pressure die casting, High stress, Liquid segregation, Semi solid casting, Fatigue testing
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62117 (URN)10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107791 (DOI)001037651200001 ()2-s2.0-85163463234 (Scopus ID)HOA;;895947 (Local ID)HOA;;895947 (Archive number)HOA;;895947 (OAI)
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-02831
Available from: 2023-08-15 Created: 2023-08-15 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
4. Four-point bending fatigue behavior of Rheocast AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy: Effect of sample thickness
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Four-point bending fatigue behavior of Rheocast AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy: Effect of sample thickness
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62910 (URN)
Note

Included in doctoral thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2023-11-22 Created: 2023-11-22 Last updated: 2025-10-13
5. Effect of Na-based flux on melt quality assessment of 46,000 alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of Na-based flux on melt quality assessment of 46,000 alloys
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology, ISSN 2238-7854, E-ISSN 2214-0697, Vol. 27, p. 1830-1842Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of Na-Based flux on the melt quality assessment was studied using Density index (DI), bifilm index (BI) and tensile test. The melt was prepared with scrap and ingot with and/or without the addition of Na-based flux. The results show that the addition of Na-based flux decreases the accuracy of the correlation between BI/DI and the hydrogen content due to the increased shrinkage pores. The addition of flux promotes the formation of shrinkage pores by either altering the eutectic solidification behavior or generating more and bigger oxide films which leads to insufficient feeding. Moreover, the addition of flux improves the ductility of specimens by modifying the eutectic phase rather than improving the melt quality.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Bifilm index, Flux, Melt quality, Reduced pressure test, Shrinkage, Tensile test, Eutectics, Oxide films, Solidification, Tensile testing, Bifilm indices, Density index, Eutectic solidification, Hydrogen contents, Quality assessment, Shrinkage pores, Solidification behaviors
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62753 (URN)10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.064 (DOI)001105459700001 ()2-s2.0-85173992786 (Scopus ID)HOA;;911832 (Local ID)HOA;;911832 (Archive number)HOA;;911832 (OAI)
Funder
Vinnova, 2020-013651
Available from: 2023-10-23 Created: 2023-10-23 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
6. On the correlation between melt quality and ductility: role of pore clusters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the correlation between melt quality and ductility: role of pore clusters
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62911 (URN)
Note

Included in doctoral thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2023-11-22 Created: 2023-11-22 Last updated: 2025-10-13

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