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On the Definition of Appropriate Trust and the Tools that Come with it
Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9633-0423
2023 (English)In: 2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing (CSCE), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023, p. 1555-1562Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Evaluating the efficiency of human-AI interactions is challenging, including subjective and objective quality aspects. With the focus on the human experience of the explanations, evaluations of explanation methods have become mostly subjective, making comparative evaluations almost impossible and highly linked to the individual user. However, it is commonly agreed that one aspect of explanation quality is how effectively the user can detect if the predictions are trustworthy and correct, i.e., if the explanations can increase the user's appropriate trust in the model. This paper starts with the definitions of appropriate trust from the literature. It compares the definitions with model performance evaluation, showing the strong similarities between appropriate trust and model performance evaluation. The paper's main contribution is a novel approach to evaluating appropriate trust by taking advantage of the likenesses between definitions. The paper offers several straightforward evaluation methods for different aspects of user performance, including suggesting a method for measuring uncertainty and appropriate trust in regression.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023. p. 1555-1562
Keywords [en]
Appropriate Trust, Calibrated Trust, Comparative Evaluations, Evaluation of Explanations, Explanation Methods, Metrics, XAI
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-64149DOI: 10.1109/CSCE60160.2023.00256Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85191166512ISBN: 979-8-3503-2759-5 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-64149DiVA, id: diva2:1856553
Conference
2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing, CSCE 2023 Las Vegas 24 July 2023 through 27 July 2023
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20160035Available from: 2024-05-07 Created: 2024-05-07 Last updated: 2025-12-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Trustworthy explanations: Improved decision support through well-calibrated uncertainty quantification
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Trustworthy explanations: Improved decision support through well-calibrated uncertainty quantification
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed fields like disease diagnosis and defence. Utilising sophisticated Machine Learning (ML) models, AI predicts future events based on historical data, introducing complexity that challenges understanding and decision-making. Previous research emphasizes users’ difficulty discerning when to trust predictions due to model complexity, underscoring addressing model complexity and providing transparent explanations as pivotal for facilitating high-quality decisions.

Many ML models offer probability estimates for predictions, commonly used in methods providing explanations to guide users on prediction confidence. However, these probabilities often do not accurately reflect the actual distribution in the data, leading to potential user misinterpretation of prediction trustworthiness. Additionally, most explanation methods fail to convey whether the model’s probability is linked to any uncertainty, further diminishing the reliability of the explanations.

Evaluating the quality of explanations for decision support is challenging, and although highlighted as essential in research, there are no benchmark criteria for comparative evaluations.

This thesis introduces an innovative explanation method that generates reliable explanations, incorporating uncertainty information supporting users in determining when to trust the model’s predictions. The thesis also outlines strategies for evaluating explanation quality and facilitating comparative evaluations. Through empirical evaluations and user studies, the thesis provides practical insights to support decision-making utilising complex ML models.

Abstract [sv]

Användningen av Artificiell intelligens (AI) har förändrat områden som diagnosticering av sjukdomar och försvar. Genom att använda sofistikerade maskininlärningsmodeller predicerar AI framtida händelser baserat på historisk data. Modellernas komplexitet resulterar samtidigt i utmanande beslutsprocesser när orsakerna till prediktionerna är svårbegripliga. Tidigare forskning pekar på användares problem att avgöra prediktioners tillförlitlighet på grund av modellkomplexitet och belyser vikten av att tillhandahålla transparenta förklaringar för att underlätta högkvalitativa beslut.

Många maskininlärningsmodeller erbjuder sannolikhetsuppskattningar för prediktionerna, vilket vanligtvis används i metoder som ger förklaringar för att vägleda användare om prediktionernas tillförlitlighet. Dessa sannolikheter återspeglar dock ofta inte de faktiska fördelningarna i datat, vilket kan leda till att användare felaktigt tolkar prediktioner som tillförlitliga. Därutöver förmedlar de flesta förklaringsmetoder inte om prediktionernas sannolikheter är kopplade till någon osäkerhet, vilket minskar tillförlitligheten hos förklaringarna.

Att utvärdera kvaliteten på förklaringar för beslutsstöd är utmanande, och även om det har betonats som avgörande i forskning finns det inga benchmark-kriterier för jämförande utvärderingar.

Denna avhandling introducerar en innovativ förklaringsmetod som genererar tillförlitliga förklaringar vilka inkluderar osäkerhetsinformation för att stödja användare att avgöra när man kan lita på modellens prediktioner. Avhandlingen ger också förslag på strategier för att utvärdera kvaliteten på förklaringar och underlätta jämförande utvärderingar. Genom empiriska utvärderingar och användarstudier ger avhandlingen praktiska insikter för att stödja beslutsfattande användande komplexa maskininlärningsmodeller.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2023. p. 72
Series
JIBS Dissertation Series, ISSN 1403-0470 ; 159
Keywords
Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Interpretable Machine Learning, Decision Support Systems, Uncertainty Estimation, Explanation Methods
National Category
Information Systems, Social aspects Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62865 (URN)978-91-7914-031-1 (ISBN)978-91-7914-032-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-12, B1014, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-11-08 Created: 2023-11-08 Last updated: 2025-12-02Bibliographically approved

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Löfström, Helena

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