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Four essays on retirement, labor supply, and tax evasion
Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, JIBS, Economics. Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, JIBS, Centre for Entrepreneurship and Spatial Economics (CEnSE).
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis comprises four chapters that apply quasi-experimental methods and Swedish administrative data to examine two major societal shifts: population aging and digitalization.

The first chapter analyzes a 2020 reform that raised the early pension claiming age from 61 to 62. Using a Difference-in-Differences approach, it finds delayed claiming of public and occupational pensions, increased employment, and higher reliance on sickness and unemployment benefits. These effects are concentrated among low-income individuals, suggesting the reform, while intended to promote longer working lives and prevent old-age poverty, placed additional strain on those least able to postpone retirement.

The second chapter evaluates a partial retirement scheme introduced in 2003 for central government employees aged 61–64. Using a Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences design, it finds a 6.5% decline in earnings among eligible individuals. This finding implies that although partial retirement may extend working lives, overly generous terms may reduce the overall labor supply by encouraging a shift from full-time working to part-time working.

The third chapter investigates whether parental retirement affects adult children’s labor supply, using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design based on the normal retirement age of 65. The study finds no statistically significant effect and no evidence of financial or caregiving spillovers, consistent with Sweden’s strong public childcare system, which limits reliance on grandparental care.

The final chapter examines the impact of a reform that required businesses to register sale transactions through certified electronic cash registers (ECRs) on firms’ reported revenue. A staggered Difference-in-Differences analysis finds a short-term 2.7–4.3% increase in reported revenue that fades within months, suggesting firms adapted to continue under-reporting. The findings underscore the limits of digital enforcement and the need for complementary measures to improve tax compliance.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling består av fyra kapitel som använder kvasiexperimentella metoder och svenska registerdata för att analysera två viktiga samhällsfrågor: en åldrande befolkning och digitalisering.

Det första kapitlet analyserar en reform från 2020 som höjde den tidigaste åldern för uttag av allmän pension från 61 till 62 år. Med en Difference-in-Differences-metod visar studien att reformen ledde till senare uttag av allmän och tjänstepension, ökad sysselsättning och högre användning av sjuk- och arbetslöshetsförmåner. Effekterna var störst bland låginkomsttagare, vilket tyder på att reformen främst påverkade grupper med begränsad möjlighet att skjuta upp pensioneringen.

Det andra kapitlet utvärderar arbetsutbudseffekterna av ett delpensionssystem som infördes 2003 för statsanställda i åldern 61–64 år. Med en Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences-design visar studien att arbetsinkomsterna minskade med 6,5 procent till följd av införandet. Resultaten antyder att även om delpension kan bidra till längre arbetsliv, kan alltför förmånliga villkor minska det totala arbetsutbudet genom att stimulera övergång från heltid till deltid.

Det tredje kapitlet undersöker om föräldrars pensionering påverkar vuxna barns arbetsutbud, med hjälp av en fuzzy regression discontinuity-design kring den normala pensionsåldern på 65 år. Resultaten visar ingen signifikant effekt och inga tecken på ekonomiska eller omsorgsrelaterade överföringar mellan generationerna, vilket skulle kunna bero på tillgång till offentligt finansierad barnomsorg.

Det fjärde kapitlet analyserar effekten av en reform som innebar att företag är skyldiga att redovisa försäljning via certifierade kassaregister. Med en stegvis Difference-in-Differences-ansats visar studien en kortvarig ökning på 2,7–4,3 procent i redovisad omsättning. Resultaten visar på behovet av kompletterande åtgärder för att minska skattefelet utöver digitala kontrollverktyg.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School , 2025. , p. 38
Series
JIBS Dissertation Series, ISSN 1403-0470 ; 172
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67721ISBN: 978-91-7914-060-1 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7914-061-8 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-67721DiVA, id: diva2:1957726
Public defence
2025-06-02, B1014, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Labor market effects of an increase in the early eligibility age in a flexible pension system
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Labor market effects of an increase in the early eligibility age in a flexible pension system
2025 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We study a reform that raised the earliest eligibility age for public pensions from 61 to 62. Using rich Swedish administrative data and a difference-in-differences design that compares adjacent age groups differentially affected by the new threshold, we assess the reform’s effects on pension claiming, labor supply, social insurance benefit receipt, and disposable income. Prior to the reform, around 10% of individuals claimed their public pension at age 61. The reform mechanically reduced this share to zero, but also induced delayed claiming beyond the new threshold, including postponed occupational and private pension claims. Employment increased by up to 1.3 percentage points, and sickness and unemployment benefit receipt rose by 0.6–0.9 and 0.1–0.2 percentage points, respectively. These responses were concentrated among low-income individuals who were already working. For this group, increased work offset the delayed pension access and left disposable income largely unchanged. In contrast, non-working low-income individuals and the self-employed experienced a substantial short-term decline in disposable income, ranging from 7 to 10%. Our findings point to liquidity constraints and behavioral responses as key mechanisms in eligibility age reforms within a flexible, actuarially neutral pension system where work and pension claiming are decoupled. Overall, the reform had a modest yet positive net fiscal impact.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Tilburg: Netspar, 2025. p. 60
Keywords
Retirement age, Claiming age, Pension reform, Labor supply, Distributional effects
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67722 (URN)
Funder
Carl-Olof och Jenz Hamrins Stiftelse, 2023-09Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, 2018.0049
Note

Academic paper (AP 2025-18). Included in doctoral thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
2. Partial Retirement and Labor Supply: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Partial Retirement and Labor Supply: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67723 (URN)
Note

Included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-13
3. Parental Retirement and Children’s Labor Supply: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parental Retirement and Children’s Labor Supply: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67724 (URN)
Note

Included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-13
4. Effects of electronic cash registers on reported revenue
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of electronic cash registers on reported revenue
2025 (English)In: International Tax and Public Finance, ISSN 0927-5940, E-ISSN 1573-6970, Vol. 32, p. 566-594Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We assess the impact of a Swedish regulatory change, which required businesses with any business-to-consumer transactions, whether by cash or card, to use a certified electronic cash register (ECR), on reported revenue. To do this, we use administrative data on the monthly reported revenue of all affected firms and a staggered difference-in-differences approach. Our findings indicate that there was an immediate increase of about 2.7–4.3% in reported revenue following the implementation of a certified ECR. However, the effect was temporary and diminished to zero after just a few months, which indicates that firms found innovative methods to underreport their revenue.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2025
Keywords
Electronic cash register, H25, H26, M21, O17, Regulatory change, Small business, Tax compliance, Tax enforcement
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-64177 (URN)10.1007/s10797-024-09844-x (DOI)001218790300001 ()2-s2.0-105001559123 (Scopus ID)HOA;;950707 (Local ID)HOA;;950707 (Archive number)HOA;;950707 (OAI)
Available from: 2024-05-14 Created: 2024-05-14 Last updated: 2026-02-11Bibliographically approved

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Khoshghadam, Alireza

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