Lighting in the built environment has effects on different aspects, ranging from building performance in terms of costs and energy consumption to human well-being in terms of thermal comfort, visual effects, and beyond-vision effects. Buildings optimised for specific performance metrics rarely consider performance aspects simultaneously, leading to sub-optimised, unbalanced, or non-trade-off solutions. Therefore, multi-objective optimisation has been more commonly used to overcome conflicting performance objectives. Recently, metrics to quantify light effects beyond vision became available, but it is unclear if and how they are integrated with other existing building performance metrics. A scoping review investigated the state-of-art in multi-objective lighting design optimisation regarding building performance and human well-being focusing on performance metrics, simulation workflows, and the overall information flow. The search in Scopus and Web of Science databases resulted in 89 journal articles and conference papers, and the 21 papers reaching the highest optimisation level were discussed. The information extracted was categorised into optimisation metrics, levels, and design variables. The results show that none of the papers combines visual and beyond-vison effects with other building performance metrics.

Lighting in the built environment affects different aspects, ranging from building performance in terms of costs and energy consumption to human well-being in terms of thermal comfort, visual effects, and beyond-vision effects. Buildings optimised for specific performance metrics rarely consider different aspects simultaneously, leading to sub-optimised, unbalanced, or non-trade-off solutions. Therefore, multi-objective optimisation has commonly been used to overcome conflicting performance objectives. Recently, light effects beyond vision gained more interest in building design but it is unclear if and how they are integrated with other existing building performance metrics and simulation workflows. A scoping review investigated the state-of-art in multi-objective lighting design optimisation regarding building performance and human well-being focusing on performance metrics, simulation workflows, and the overall information flow. Results show that metrics for beyond-vision effects are not integrated with other human well-being and building performance metrics. The simulation workflows included multiple steps and computational tools in multi-objective optimisation. This process has limitations such as a long simulation time, no ubiquitous integrated tool, and a reduced information flow.

Light influences human physiology and psychology through visual and beyond-visual effects, collectively termed ‘integrative lighting.’ Human responses depend on luminous (quantity, spectrum, directionality) and temporal (timing, duration, history) factors, yet no studies examined their combined influence on integrative lighting. Therefore, this study evaluates representative metrics integration by designing, implementing, and testing a comprehensive lighting simulation framework incorporating luminous and temporal factors to address integrative lighting needs while assessing energy consumption. A quantitative approach was employed, integrating multiple criteria through computational simulations using Rhinoceros/Grasshopper, Lark, ClimateStudio, and Ladybug/Honeybee. Simulations are performed in a single office with nine control points, four vertical viewing directions, and one horizontal, each testing eight window sizes and different electric lighting combinations of ceiling panels and wall-washers with varying melanopic-content across four seasonal days. Including beyond-visual effects in multi-criteria optimisation introduces complexity due to the interplay between luminous and temporal aspects. Results show that beyond-visual effects depend on light quantity, spectral composition, and spatial distribution. Increasing window-to-wall ratio or melanopic-content lighting alone does not ensure uniform beyond-visual performance. Instead, directing wall washers at opaque surfaces enhances background luminance, reduces glare, and improves retinal exposure. Beyond-vision criteria are challenging due to temporal dependencies, often requiring window size and lighting energy use trade-offs. These findings highlight the need for lighting designs that optimise light levels, spectrum, and directionality at the right time. Future approaches should use multi-objective optimisation to balance visual and non-visual outcomes, automate adjustments, and enhance well-being while maintaining energy efficiency.