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Unique and shared roles of the LLAMA subtests for prediction of initial L2 achievement: An application of regression commonality analysis
Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, United States.
Jönköping University, School of Education and Communication, HLK, Communication, Culture and Diversity (CCD).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9857-5878
Education Department, Mt. St. Joseph University, United States.
2025 (English)In: Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, E-ISSN 2772-7661, Vol. 4, no 3, article id 100224Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Little research has examined the relations of the LLAMA subtests beyond predictive correlations and simple regressions. In this secondary analysis of data from Bokander (2020), we use regression commonality analyses (RCA) to address multicollinearity by decomposing the LLAMA predictive variance into unique components for each subtest alone and for each possible subtest combination. Fifty-five students with Germanic L1 backgrounds completed the LLAMA, followed by an introductory Swedish course, and then a written C-test. LLAMA-D, sound-sequence recognition, was the most important unique predictor of L2 achievement. LLAMA-E (sound-symbol association) unique variance and shared variance with LLAMA-D and LLAMA-B (vocabulary learning) was the next most important contributor to prediction. Similar to results for MLAT, these results demonstrate the major role of phonetic script/sound-symbol relationship skills both uniquely and shared with other subtests. The most important difference is the equally important, distinct role of speech sound-sequence recognition, a skill not previously included in aptitude tests prior to the LLAMA. The paper concludes with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of regression commonality analysis, which appears to have considerable usefulness for studies involving prediction. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 4, no 3, article id 100224
Keywords [en]
Language aptitude, LLAMA subtests, Regression commonality analysis
National Category
Comparative Language Studies and Linguistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-69330DOI: 10.1016/j.rmal.2025.100224ISI: 001572186800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105008551453Local ID: ;intsam;1026679OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-69330DiVA, id: diva2:1984088
Available from: 2025-07-14 Created: 2025-07-14 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved

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