Purpose – The purpose of the study was to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation Model-Based Definition in the defence industry, and to provide structured guidance on how Model-Based Definition can be successfully adopted within such an organization.

Methodology – This qualitative study was conducted within a defence-sector organization to ensure real-world relevance. The Design Research Methodology framework guided the research, incorporating the stages of Research Clarification, Descriptive Study I, and Prescriptive Study. Data collection included a preliminary study, interviews, document studies, and a workshop. Thematic and content analysis were conducted to identify key themes and topics.

Findings – The study identified challenges, opportunities, and actionable recommendations for implementing Model-Based Definition. The challenges identified were Resistance to Change, Knowledge Gap, Technical Limitations, Supplier Readiness, Lack of Cross-Functional Alignment, and Maturity of the Organization. The opportunities identified were Efficiency Gains, Data Consistency, Improved Quality, Standardization and Process Optimization, User Experience and Adoption, and Long-Term Value. The recommendations for a structured implementation were Implement Structured Change Management, Conduct Strategic Planning, Apply Phased Implementation, Integrate PLM and ERP Systems, and Define Artifact Strategy.

Practical Implications – The insights from this study could guide organizations in planning and executing Model-Based Definition initiatives. The findings offered a foundation for structured transformation efforts and can help organizations navigate the organizational and technical complexities of implementation.

Theoretical Implications – The study confirmed and extended the socio-technical understanding of Model-Based Definition by integrating technical and organizational factors. It contributed with defence-specific insights and structured recommendations that could support both future research and implementation in other regulated industries.

Limitations – The study was exploratory and conceptual, and the proposed strategies were not empirically tested. Findings were based solely on qualitative data, and the Design Research Methodology was only partially applied, with the final evaluation phase excluded. Real-world validation remains pending, which may limit the generalisability of the results beyond similar organizational and industrial contexts.